PagineLesson 1: Short and long vowels
A short vowel usually sits in a closed syllable (cat, hop). A silent e at the end often makes the vowel say its name (cake, hope).
Lesson 2: Doubling the final consonant
In a one-syllable word ending consonant–vowel–consonant, double the last letter before adding -ing or -ed (hop → hopping).
Lesson 3: Dropping the silent e
Drop the silent e before a suffix that starts with a vowel (make → making), keep it before a consonant (hope → hopeful).
Lesson 4: Changing y to i
When a word ends in consonant + y, change y to i before most suffixes (happy → happiness), except -ing (cry → crying).
Lesson 5: i before e
Use i before e (believe) except after c when it says ee (receive). There are well-known exceptions (weird, seize).
Lesson 6: Plurals
Add -s to most nouns; -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; some nouns change f to v (leaf → leaves); some are irregular (mouse → mice).
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